Murashige, T., & Skoog, F. (1962). A revised medium for rapid growth
and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiologia plantarum, 15(3).

Abstract
A several fold increase in yield of excised pith or callus cultures of 
Nicotiana tabacum, variety Wisconsin 38 was obtained by addition of leaf
extract to the standard modified White's nutrient medium. In part the 
increase was due to inorganic constituents of the extract, especially
N and K, which could be substituted for by either the ash of the extract 
or raised levels of N and K salts in the medium. In part the increase
was due to organic constituents of the extract which increased both the 
growth rate and final flesh weight of the cultures. Similar increases in 
growth rate but not in final yield were obtained by adding gibberellic 
acid and Braun's supplements of purines and amino acids to a revised 
medium. A revised medium has been developed (Table 6) with each element 
provided in sufficient quantity to insure that no increase in yield will 
result from the introduction of additional amounts in the range ordinarily
to be expected in plant tissue extracts, etc. The organic constituents have 
been retained unchanged except that sucrose has been raised to 3 per cent, 
myoinositol has been added as a regular constituent and Edamin has been 
introduced as an optional constituent. The revised medium is designed for 
use in bioassays of organic growth factors. It provides for rapid growth rate, 
increased response to organic growth factors and minimal interference front 
inorganic and common organic nutrients. In the presence of plant extracts 
fresh weight yields of up to 85 g. on 50 ml. of medium have been obtained. 
Under these conditions water appears to be the limiting factor for growth 
of the tobacco tissues employed. Aspects of general application, limitations 
and behavior of plant tissue cultures are discussed.